Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agent that mimics the action of acetylcholine (ACh) in the body. It is a natural compound extracted from the leaves of the Pilocarpus jaborandi plant.
Chemical Structure:
- Molecular Formula: C11H16N2O2
- Chemical Name: 3-Ethyl-4-[(3-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]pyridine-1-oxide
Pharmacological Effects:
- Stimulates muscarinic receptors, producing:
- Increased salivation and sweating
- Pupil constriction (miosis)
- Increased gastrointestinal motility and secretion
- Urinary bladder contraction
- Bronchoconstriction
Clinical Uses:
- Treatment of:
- Dry mouth (xerostomia)
- Glaucoma (to reduce intraocular pressure)
- Postoperative ileus
- Diagnostic tool for:
- Sweat gland function
- Gastrointestinal motility disorders
Side Effects:
- Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
- Headache, dizziness, and weakness
- Abdominal cramps and discomfort
- Flushing, sweating, and hypersalivation
- Bronchospasm and respiratory distress (rare)
Contraindications:
- Asthma and other respiratory conditions
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Hyperthyroidism
- Pregnancy and lactation
- Hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias
Note: Pilocarpine is a potent cholinergic agent and should be used with caution, under medical supervision.