Carvedilol is a non-selective beta-blocker with alpha-1 blocking activity, used to treat conditions such as hypertension and heart failure. It works by reducing heart rate and blood pressure while also dilating blood vessels, which helps lower overall blood pressure and reduce the heart's workload. Carvedilol is typically administered orally in tablet form. Common side effects include dizziness, fatigue, and fluid retention. It should be used with caution in patients with respiratory conditions, diabetes, or certain heart issues.

Labetalol is a non-selective beta-blocker with additional alpha-1 blocking properties, used to treat hypertension and manage severe high blood pressure. It works by reducing heart rate and dilating blood vessels, which helps lower blood pressure. Labetalol can be administered orally or intravenously, often in emergency or hospital settings. Common side effects include dizziness, fatigue, and orthostatic hypotension. It should be used cautiously in patients with respiratory conditions, diabetes, or certain cardiovascular issues.

Metoprolol is a selective beta-1 adrenergic blocker used to treat various cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, angina, and heart failure. It works by reducing heart rate and blood pressure, which decreases the heart's workload. Metoprolol is typically administered orally in tablet form, but it can also be given intravenously in hospital settings. Common side effects include fatigue, dizziness, and cold hands or feet. It should be used with caution in individuals with respiratory conditions, diabetes, or certain heart conditions.

Esmolol is a selective beta-1 adrenergic blocker used primarily in acute settings to manage rapid heart rates, such as during surgery or in emergency situations. It works by decreasing heart rate and blood pressure. Esmolol is administered intravenously due to its short half-life, allowing for precise control of dosing and rapid adjustments. Common side effects include hypotension, bradycardia, and dizziness. It should be used with caution in patients with certain cardiac conditions or respiratory issues.

Bisoprolol is a selective beta-1 adrenergic blocker used to manage hypertension and heart failure. It works by reducing heart rate and blood pressure, thereby decreasing the workload on the heart. Bisoprolol is typically administered orally in tablet form. It can also be used to treat chronic stable angina and certain types of arrhythmias. Common side effects include fatigue, dizziness, and cold extremities. It should be used cautiously in patients with respiratory conditions or diabetes.

Betaxolol is a selective beta-1 adrenergic blocker used primarily to treat elevated intraocular pressure in conditions such as glaucoma and ocular hypertension. It works by decreasing the production of aqueous humor in the eye, thereby lowering intraocular pressure. Betaxolol is typically administered as eye drops. Common side effects may include ocular irritation, dry eyes, and systemic effects like dizziness or fatigue. It should be used under medical supervision, especially in patients with heart conditions or respiratory issues.

Atenolol is a selective beta-1 adrenergic blocker used primarily to treat hypertension and angina pectoris (chest pain). It works by blocking beta-1 receptors in the heart, which helps to reduce heart rate, lower blood pressure, and decrease the heart's workload. Atenolol is typically administered orally in tablet form. It is also used in the management of certain types of arrhythmias and to reduce the risk of heart attacks. Common side effects include fatigue, dizziness, and cold extremities. Atenolol should be used with caution in patients with asthma or certain other conditions.

Metipranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker primarily used in ophthalmology to treat elevated intraocular pressure in conditions like open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. It works by reducing the production of aqueous humor in the eye, thereby lowering intraocular pressure. Metipranolol is typically administered as eye drops. Common side effects can include ocular irritation, dry eyes, and potential systemic effects like fatigue or dizziness. It should be used under medical supervision, especially in individuals with cardiovascular or respiratory conditions.

Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker used to treat a variety of conditions, including hypertension, angina, certain types of tremors, and anxiety. It works by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, which helps to lower blood pressure, reduce heart rate, and decrease the workload on the heart. Propranolol is also used in the management of migraine prophylaxis and in some cases of arrhythmias. It is typically administered orally in tablet form but can also be given intravenously. Common side effects include fatigue, dizziness, and gastrointestinal disturbances. It should be used cautiously in patients with respiratory conditions or certain heart conditions.

Methysergide is a medication used for the prevention of migraine and cluster headaches. It is an ergot derivative that works as a serotonin receptor antagonist, helping to reduce the frequency and severity of headache attacks. Methysergide is typically administered orally in tablet form and is often used as a long-term preventive treatment. Common side effects can include gastrointestinal issues, dizziness, or fatigue, and it is important to use it under medical supervision due to potential risks, including fibrosis or vascular complications with prolonged use.